Welcome back! Today’s post is the third and final installment of chemistry lessons I have developed for my high school students. We are exploring ionic bonding by customizing a kit from Home Science Tools.
If you have ever mistakenly added salt to your iced tea, you know how similar salt and sugar appear. While these two compounds may look the same, they obviously taste very different.
I was given an opportunity to review these products and was compensated for my time in preparing this post. As always, all opinions are my own. This post may contain affiliate advertisement links to 3rd party sites.
Exploring Ionic Bonding with Home Science Tools: A Mini-Unit from Eva
Salt and sugar are also very different chemically. Salt is made up of sodium and chloride and is ionically bonded. Sugar, on the other hand, is composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen and has covalent bonds.
A salt molecule is made up of one sodium atom and one chlorine atom. For salt to be made, the sodium atom must lose an electron and become a sodium ion. When sodium loses an electron it becomes a Na+ and is called a cation.
Na→Na+ +e–
The chlorine atom must add the sodium’s electron and become a chloride ion. When it adds the sodium’s lost electron it becomes Cl– and is called an anion.
Cl+e– →Cl–
The sodium ion is then attracted to the chloride ion and a bond is formed from the attraction between a positive and negative ion. This type of bond is called an ionic bond. Ionic bonds usually form between metals and non-metals.
Na+ + Cl– → Na+Cl–
Ionic bonding is electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds.
Table sugar or sucrose differs from salt in the bonding between its atoms. The atoms in sugar do not form ions; instead, they share their electrons.
As the electronegativity difference increases, the electron pair in a bond is more closely associated with one nucleus than the other. If the electronegativity difference is between 0.4 and 1.7, the bond is polar. If the electronegativity difference is greater than 1.7, the bond is ionic.
As you may recall from my previous post, the type of bond that forms from the sharing of electrons is a covalent bond. Table sugar has a much more complex chemical structure than those we discussed previously. It is also more complex than salt. It looks like this:
A bond forms between one of the carbon atoms and one of the hydrogen atoms when one of the valence electrons of the carbon atom combines with one of the valence electrons of the hydrogen atom. This forms an electron pair.
Ionically bonded compounds behave very differently from covalently bonded compounds. When an ionically bonded compound is dissolved in water it will conduct electricity. A covalently bonded compound dissolved in water will not conduct electricity.
Another difference is that ionically bonded compounds generally melt and boil at much higher temperatures than covalently bonded compounds.
Ionic vs Covalent Bonds Lab Activity
In the first part of this lab you will investigate how ionically bonded and covalently bonded substances behave differently in their conduction of electricity.
You will do this by using a simple anodizing apparatus. A stainless steel screw and an iron nail will be used for the electrodes. In an anodizing apparatus, the water must contain enough ions to conduct electricity. Then the water will react to form hydrogen and oxygen gases.
2H2O→2H2 +O2
Since the stainless steel screw is not very reactive, bubbles can be seen coming off of it. The iron nail will react with the oxygen to form iron oxide which is commonly called rust. This can be seen on the nail after the reaction proceeds for several minutes.
In the second part of this lab you will explore the differences in melting points between ionically bonded and covalently bonded compounds. You will do this by placing a small amount of sugar in one small test tube and heating it at different heights over a Bunsen burner. You will then repeat this procedure using salt instead of sugar.
Pre-lab Questions
1. What is an ionic bond?
2. What is a covalent bond?
3. Do you thing sugar or salt will melt at a higher temperature? Explain your answer.
Materials for Each Group
- Sugar
- Salt
- Digital scale
- 9-volt battery
- Masking tape
- Deionized water
- 2 wires with alligator clips on each end
- 1 stainless steel screw
- 1 iron nail
- 150 mL glass beaker
- Stirring rod
- 2 small test tubes
- Test tube clamp
- Burner lighter
- Alcohol lamp burner and fuel
- Safety goggles
- Notebook and pencil
Procedure for Part 1 – Nail Test for Ionic Bonding
In my previous post, we looked at covalent bonding with pencils. Today, we will do a similar activity.
- Rinse a clean 150 mL beaker several times with deionized water to prevent contamination from ions that may be on the beaker. Fill the beaker about 3⁄4 full with deionized water.
- With the digital scale, measure ~3.0 grams of sugar into the 150mL beaker. Stir the solution with a clean stirring rod until the sugar is dissolved and the solution is well mixed.
- Stretch two strips of masking tape across the top of the beaker. Be careful not to spill any of the solution. Position the tape parallel to each other.
- Attach an alligator clip on one end of a wire lead just underneath the flat head of an iron nail. Place the iron nail between the tape strips on one side of the beaker. The end of the nail should be in the solution while the head with clip is resting on top the tape.
- Attach the second alligator clip on one end of a wire lead just below the head of the stainless steel screw. Place the screw between the tape strips on one side of the beaker. Make sure the end of the screw is in the solution and the head with the clip is resting on top the tape.
- Connect the alligator clip on the other end of the wire lead that is attached to the nail to the (+) terminal of a 9-volt battery. CAUTION: Be careful when using energy sources such as batteries around water.
- Connect the alligator clip on the other end of the wire lead that is attached to the screw to the (-) terminal of a 9-volt battery.
- Allow the apparatus to stand for two minutes and make observations. Record your observations.
- Thoroughly clean the glassware, nail, and screw with deionized water.
- Repeat the procedure using ~3.0 grams of salt instead of the sugar.
Procedure for Part 2 – Melting Points
- Place ~3 grams of sugar into a small test tube. The sugar should just coat the bottom of the test tube. CAUTION: Be sure the test tube does not have any small cracks or chips.
- Light a Bunsen burner and adjust the flame to where it is approximately 2-3 inches tall and has a blue inner cone. CAUTION: Long hair should be tied up and loose clothing restrained when around an open flame to prevent fire and burns. Be sure you are wearing your safety goggles.
- Place the test tube containing the sugar in a test tube holder. Hold the test tube at a slight angle approximately 4 inches above the top of the burner. Continue to hold the test tube in the flame until the sugar just begins to melt. If it does not melt after ~15 seconds, go on to step 4. If it has melted, go to step 6. HINT: If you keep the sugar in the flame until it turns dark brown or black, you will not be able to clean the test tube.
- If the sugar did not melt in step 3, lower the test tube until the bottom of the test tube is touching the top of the flame. Hold it there until the sugar just begins to melt or for ~15 seconds.
- If the sugar still does not melt, lower the test tube until the bottom of the test tube is located at the top of the inner blue cone of the flame. This is the hottest part of the flame. Hold it there until the sugar just begins to melt or for ~15 seconds.
- Allow the test tube to cool to room temperature before touching it. CAUTION: The test tube will be very hot and can burn your skin if touched before it cools. After the test tube has cooled for a few seconds, place it in a beaker or wire test tube rack to finish cooling and continue with the procedure.
- Record your observations.
- Repeat the procedure using salt instead of the sugar.
- Turn off the Bunsen burner. Make sure the test tubes have cooled to room temperature before touching them.
Clean-up
The sugar and salt solutions can be poured down the drain. Rinse the beaker, screw, nail, and stirring rod several times with deionized water. Clean the test tubes with water first and then rinse them with deionized water. They may need to soak for a few minutes in hot water in order to remove the melted substances.
Post Lab Questions
4. Why is deionized water instead of tap water used in Part 1?
5. In Part 1, why did you not observe a stream of bubbles coming off of the stainless steel screw with the sugar solution?
6. Why do you think you may see a few bubbles forming in Part 1 with the sugar solution?
7. In Part 1, why did you observe a stream of bubbles coming off of the stainless steel screw and rust forming on the nail with the salt solution?
8. In Part 2, which of the substances had the lower melting point? Was this what you expected? Explain your answer.
Extension Activities
ION is a light, fun drafting game similar to Sushi Go! where you are drafting cards over several rounds with the goal of combining positive and negative ions to form compounds. You don’t need to know anything about chemistry to be able to play, but it does make it fun to know what compounds you are building.
Use this online simulation to explore ionic bonding—a type of chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges. Investigate how the transfer of electrons between atoms creates ions and how the mutual attraction of these charged particles forms ionic bonds. Also learn about trends in the periodic table of elements, and explore how the structure of an ionic compound relates to its formula.
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